Water treatment process

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to water treatment, in particular to a process for the removal of dissolved organic carbon from water. The process includes the following steps, adding an ion-exchange resin to water containing a contaminant such as dissolved organic carbon, dispersing the resin in the contaminated water to enable adsorption of the dissolved organic carbon onto the resin, and separating the resin loaded with contaminant from the water. In a preferred embodiment the process employs a magnetic ion-exchange resin.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/809,044 filed May 30, 1997 which is a national stage of PCT application AU 199534657 filed Sep. 8, 1995, which claims priority to Australian Provisional Applications PM8071 filed Sep. 9, 1994 and PM9599 filed Nov. 22, 1994, all of which prior applications are incorporated herein by reference to the extent not inconsistent herewith.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present invention relates to water treatment, in particular to a process for the removal of dissolved organic carbon from water.

[0003] The processes used in water treatment are largely a function of raw water quality. Potable water supplies often contain unacceptably high levels of organic compounds dissolved, dispersed or suspended in raw water. These organic compounds are referred to herein as dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Other terms used to describe DOC include total organic carbon, organic color, color and natural organic matter. DOC often includes compounds such as humic and fulvic acids. Humic and fulvic acids are not discrete organic compounds but mixtures of organic compounds formed by the degradation of plant residues.

[0004] The removal of DOC from water is necessary in order to provide high quality water suitable for distribution and consumption. A majority of the compounds and materials which constitute DOC are soluble and not readily separable from the water. The DOC present in raw water renders conventional treatment difficult and expensive.

[0005] The provision of a safe potable water supply often requires treatment of water to make it aesthetically acceptable. The removal of suspended matter and color is an important aspect of this treatment. Two approaches are commonly used for the removal of suspended matter and color. One involves coagulation and the other membrane filtration.

[0006] In the process involving coagulation, a coagulant is applied to destabilize suspended matter and color so that they coalesce and form a floc, which can then be physically removed by methods such as floating, settling, filtration or a combination thereof. Coagulants such as alum (aluminum sulphate), various iron salts and synthetic polymers are commonly used in processes for water treatment. However, many raw water sources have high levels of DOC present, which is the main cause of the color, and the DOC reacts with the coagulant requiring a higher coagulant dose than would be required for removal of suspended matter alone. The bulk of the floc formed may then be removed by sedimentation or flotation and the water containing the remainder of the floc passed through a filter for final clarification. However, even after such treatment the treated water may contain as much as 30-70% of the initial DOC.

[0007] In the membrane filtration process the water is filtered through a membrane system. However, where the water contains high levels of DOC the membranes tend to be fouled by the DOC, thereby reducing the flux across the membrane, reducing the life of the membranes and increasing operating costs. Membrane systems designed to handle water containing high levels of DOC have much higher capital and operating costs than conventional membrane systems used for the production of potable water.

[0008] Ion-exchange resins have been used in water treatment processes for the removal of DOC by passing water treated to remove turbidity and other suspended particles through ion-exchange resin packed in columns or the like. Passing untreated water through a packed resin can cause the packed resin to become clogged and ineffective, problems similar to those faced in membrane filtration.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0009] The present invention provides a process for the reduction or elimination of DOC from water using ion-exchange resins which can be conveniently separated from the water prior to subsequent treatment and its distribution and consumption. Accordingly, we provide a process for the removal of dissolved organic carbon from water, which process includes the following steps:

[0010] a. adding an ion-exchange resin to water containing dissolved organic carbon;

[0011] b. dispersing the resin in the water to enable adsorption of the dissolved organic carbon onto the resin; and

[0012] c. separating the resin loaded with the dissolved organic carbon from the water.

[0013] The ion-exchange resin is dispersed in the water so as to provide the maximum surface area of resin to adsorb the DOC. Dispersal of the ion-exchange resin may be achieved by any convenient means. Typically the resin may be dispersed by mechanical agitation such as stirrers and the like, mixing pumps immersed in the water or air agitation where a gas is bubbled through the water. Sufficient shear needs to be imparted on the water to achieve dispersal of the resin.

[0014] In some small-scale operations the ion-exchange resin may be dispersed in a semi-fluidized bed provided pumping costs are not economically unfeasible. The use of a semi-fluidized bed is not only a convenient means for dispersal of the ion-exchange resin but provides for the ready separation of the loaded resin from the water once DOC is adsorbed onto the ion-exchange resin.

[0015] Separating the resin loaded with DOC from the water may be achieved by settling or screening or a combination thereof. Screening of the loaded resin from the water may be achieved by any convenient means. The screens may be selected with consideration for the size of resin particles to be removed from the water. The configuration of the screens may be such that clogging of the screens is reduced.

[0016] In a preferred embodiment, the ion-exchange resin may be more dense than the water and tend to settle to the bottom of the tank. This settling facilitates the convenient separation of the loaded resin from the water. Settling may be facilitated by the use of tube settlers and the like. The resin may then be collected by various means including vacuum collection, filtration and the like. It is preferable that the separation and collection means do not cause mechanical wear which may lead to attrition of the resin.

[0017] When a continuous fully suspended system is used, the resin may conveniently be separated from treated water by gravity settling. Based on resin characteristics, very effective (>99% solids removal) gravitational settling is achieved in high-rate settling modules with retention times less than 20 minutes.

[0018] In a preferred process for separating the ion-exchange resin from the water the bulk of resin particles settle out in the first quarter of the separating basin length which is devoid of settler modules (“free-flowing” settling). Further removal of resin particles (“enhanced” settling} from treated water is performed in the settler compartment filled with modules which may be either tilted plates or tubular modules. The bottom of the settler is designed for collection of resin particles in cylindrical, conical or pyramidal hoppers from which the resin particles are pumped back to the front of the process. In this preferred process some mixing of the settled resin in the hoppers may be required to keep it in a fluid condition and to ensure uniform resin concentration of resin in the recycle system.

[0019] The ion-exchange resins suitable for use in the process of the present invention have cationic functional groups. The cationic functional groups provide suitable sites for the adsorption of the DOC.

[0020] It is preferred that the ion-exchange resins have a diameter less than 100 μM, preferably in the range of from 25 μM to 75 μM. This size range provides an ion-exchange resin which can be readily dispersed in the water and one which is suitable for subsequent separation from the water. The size of the resins affects the kinetics of adsorption of DOC and the effectiveness of separation. The optimal size range for a particular application may be readily determined by simple experimentation.

[0021] It is preferred that the ion-exchange resin is macroporous. This provides the resins with a substantially large surface area onto which the DOC can be adsorbed.

[0022] Water treatment processes involve the movement of water by stirring, pumping and other operations which can deleteriously affect the ion-exchange resin. It is preferred that the resin is manufactured from tough polymers with polystyrene crosslinkage. The resin may be selected to give the optimum balance between toughness and capacity.

[0023] In the process of the present invention the amount of ion-exchange resin necessary to remove DOC from water is dependent on a number of factors including the level of DOC initially present in the water to be treated, the nature of the DOC, the desired level of DOC in the treated water, salinity, temperature, pH, the number of cycles of the resin prior to regeneration and the rate at which it is desired to treat the water to remove DOC. Typically, the amount of ion-exchange resin used to remove DOC from water will be in the range from 0.5 to 5 ml of wet resin per liter of raw water, preferably 0.5 to 3 ml. Higher resin concentrations may also be useful in removing DOC. Such higher concentrations allow shorter contact times and more effective DOC removal.

[0024] High doses of resin can be used to remove up to 90% of the dissolved organic carbon but the relationship is non linear and it may not be economical under normal conditions to add resin at these high doses. Sufficient resin may be added to remove a percentage of the dissolved organic carbon such that the cost of any subsequent treatment used to meet water quality objectives is minimized. For example, we have found that removal of dissolved organic carbon reduces the amount of coagulant required to achieve acceptable product water quality. It may also significantly reduce the capital and operating costs of membrane filtration processes.

[0025] Preferred ion-exchange resins are recyclable and regenerable. Recyclable resins can be used multiple times without regeneration and continue to be effective in adsorbing DOC. Regenerable resins are capable of treatment to remove adsorbed DOC and such regenerated resins can then be re-introduced into the treatment process.

[0026] We have found that, depending on the amount of resin being employed in the treatment process, the resin can be effectively recycled at least 10 times prior to regeneration and in fact at least 20 times depending on water quality. Thus, in a continuous process only 10% or less of the loaded resin, even merely 5%, has to be taken for regeneration. The remainder can be recycled back into the treatment process.

[0027] We have found that the used (or spent) resin may be readily treated to remove the adsorbed DOC. Accordingly, we provide a process which incorporates the following additional steps for regenerating spent ion-exchange resin:

[0028] a. adding the spent resin to brine;

[0029] b. dispersing the spent resin in the brine for the desorption of the DOC from the resin; and

[0030] c. separating the regenerated resin from the brine.

[0031] It will be understood that the term brine means any high concentration salt solution capable of causing the desorption of DOC from the resin. High concentration sodium chloride solutions are particularly useful as brine in the present process.

[0032] The spent resin may be dispersed in the brine by any convenient means. We have found agitation by mechanical stirring or gas bubble agitation to be particularly convenient.

[0033] Separation can be achieved by allowing the regenerated resin to settle or by simply filtering through a mesh of appropriate porosity. We have found that the brine can be recycled and used to regenerate resin for a number of times before it becomes unsuitable for use in the regeneration process. The spent brine can itself be regenerated by passage through a reverse osmosis membrane to separate the DOC from the brine. The DOC thus produced is a useful source of humic and fulvic acids.

[0034] An alternative process for regenerating spent or loaded ion-exchange resin which requires much less brine for the regeneration process may be particularly useful in a number of applications. We have found that the spent ion-exchange resin may be packed into a column and the passage of a relatively small quantity of brine through it can effectively regenerate the ion-exchange resin. Accordingly, we provide a process for regenerating spent ion-exchange resin including the following steps:

[0035] a. packing the spent resin into a column; and

[0036] b. passing brine through the packed column for the desorption of the DOC from the resin.

[0037] The regeneration of the spent ion-exchange resin according to this process employing a packed column of spent resin enables particularly high rates of desorption of the DOC from the resin. We have found that by using this process the recyclability of the resin prior to subsequent regenerations is substantially improved.

[0038] Further, the humic and fulvic acids are present in significantly higher concentrations in the elutants from the column and thus are a more convenient and economic source of humic and fulvic acids.

[0039] The process of the present invention for removal of DOC from water is particularly useful in water treatment applications for the production of potable water. However, the process could also successfully be applied to other aqueous streams where DOC removal is required, e.g.: industrial use applications, hospital facilities, mining applications or food processing. The process may also be applied to the treatment of waste water. A variety of organic materials, such as toxins or other contaminants, may be removed from waste water.

[0040] We have found that a class of ion-exchange resins is particularly suited to use in the process of the present invention. Ion-exchange resins incorporating magnetic particles, known as magnetic ion-exchange resins agglomerate, sometimes referred to as “magnetic flocculation”, due to the magnetic attractive forces between them. This property renders them particularly suited for this application as the agglomerated particles are more readily removable from the water. Accordingly, we provide a process for the removal of dissolved organic carbon from water, which process includes the following steps:

[0041] a. adding a magnetic ion-exchange resin to water containing dissolved organic carbon;

[0042] b. dispersing the resin in the water to enable adsorption of the dissolved organic carbon onto the magnetic ion-exchange resin;

[0043] c. agglomerating the magnetic ion-exchange resin loaded with the dissolved organic carbon; and

[0044] d. separating the agglomerated magnetic ion-exchange resin loaded with the dissolved organic carbon from the water.

[0045] The magnetic ion-exchange resin may be dispersed in the water by any of the means described above. Sufficient shear needs to be imparted on the water to overcome the magnetic forces which cause the magnetic ion-exchange resin to agglomerate.

[0046] Agglomeration of magnetic ion-exchange resin loaded with DOC is achieved by removing the shear which causes the resin to disperse. In an unstirred tank, the magnetic particles in the resin cause the resin to agglomerate. The agglomeration may be facilitated by the use of tube settlers and other means known to those skilled in the art.

[0047] Typically the wet magnetic ion-exchange resin is more dense than the water and once agglomeration has commenced the resin tends to settle quickly to the bottom of the tank. This settling facilitates the convenient separation of the loaded resin from the water. The resin may then be collected by various means including vacuum collection, filtration, magnetic transport such as belts, pipes, disks and drums, pumps and the like. We have found vacuum collection particularly convenient. It is preferable that the separation and collection means do not cause mechanical wear which may lead to attrition of the resin.

[0048] It is preferred that the ion-exchange resins have a diameter less than 100 μM, preferably in the range of from 25 μM to 75 μM. The size of the magnetic ion-exchange resin affects the kinetics of absorption of DOC and the effectiveness of agglomeration and settling. The optimal size range for a particular application may be readily determined by simple experimentation.

[0049] The magnetic ion-exchange resin can have a discrete magnetic core or have magnetic particles dispersed throughout the resin. In resins which contain dispersed magnetic particles it is preferred that the magnetic particles are evenly dispersed throughout the resin.

[0050] A particularly preferred magnetic ion-exchange resin is described in the copending provisional application number PM8070 now filed as a PCT application designating all states including the United States of America and entitled “Polymer beads and method for preparation thereof,” which application is in the names of Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation and ICI Australia Operations Pty Ltd.

[0051] The spent magnetic ion-exchange resin may be treated to remove the adsorbed DOC. Accordingly, we provide a process for regenerating spent magnetic ion-exchange resin including the following steps:

[0052] a. adding the spent magnetic ion-exchange resin to brine;

[0053] b. dispersing the spent magnetic ion-exchange resin in the brine for the desorption of the DOC from the magnetic ion-exchange resin;

[0054] c. agglomerating the regenerated magnetic ion-exchange resin; and

[0055] d. separating the regenerated magnetic ion-exchange resin from the brine.

[0056] An alternative process for regenerating spent or loaded magnetic ion-exchange resin which requires much less brine for the regeneration process may be particularly useful in a number of applications. We have found that the spent magnetic ion-exchange resin may be packed into a column and the passage of a small quantity of brine through it can effectively regenerate the magnetic ion-exchange resin. Accordingly, we provide a process for regenerating spent magnetic ion-exchange resin including the following steps:

[0057] a. packing the spent resin into a column; and

[0058] b. passing brine through the packed column for the desorption of the DOC from the resin.

[0059] The regeneration of the spent magnetic ion-exchange resin according to this process employing a packed column of spent magnetic resin enables particularly high rates of desorption of the DOC from the magnetic resin. We have found that by using this process the recyclability of the magnetic resin prior to subsequent regenerations is substantially improved.

[0060] Further, the humic and fulvic acids are present in significantly higher concentrations in the elutants from the column and thus are a more convenient and economic source of humic and fulvic acids.

[0061] The process for the removal of DOC from water is useful in water treatment applications for the production of potable water. The treated water is generally disinfected prior to distribution. The levels of DOC can be as much as 70% of the initial DOC after treatment with conventional processes. This DOC may react with any applied disinfectant to produce by-products. Chlorine is often the preferred disinfectant due its cost, ease of use and the fact that a chlorine residual can be maintained throughout the distribution system to inactivate any contamination that may be introduced after the primary disinfection. Chlorine, however, may react with DOC to form a range of by-products, the most well known being trihalomethanes (THMs). THMs have been identified as possible carcinogens and together with the other possible by-products are identified as a health risk in water treatment guidelines throughout the world. Not only can the DOC form such by-products but the oxidation of the DOC into smaller more biodegradable organics, particularly by the use of ozone as a disinfectant, also provides a ready food source for bacteria and may result in the regrowth of bacteria in water storage or distribution systems.

[0062] Accordingly, we provide a process for water treatment, which includes the following steps:

[0063] a. adding an ion-exchange resin to water containing dissolved organic carbon;

[0064] b. dispersing said resin in the water for the adsorption of the dissolved organic carbon onto the resin;

[0065] c. separating the resin loaded with the dissolved organic carbon from the water; and

[0066] d. disinfecting the water.

[0067] The steps of adding, dispersing and separating the ion-exchange resin may be accomplished by the methods described above. The water may be disinfected by any convenient means. It is particularly preferred that chlorine or chloramines are used to disinfect the water prior to its storage and/or distribution.

[0068] The magnetic ion-exchange resins may preferably be used in this process. Accordingly, we provide a process for water treatment, which includes the following steps:

[0069] a. adding a magnetic ion-exchange resin to water containing dissolved organic carbon;

[0070] b. dispersing said magnetic ion-exchange resin in the water for the adsorption of the dissolved organic carbon onto the magnetic ion-exchange resin;

[0071] c. agglomerating the magnetic ion-exchange resin loaded with the dissolved organic carbon;

[0072] d. separating the agglomerated magnetic ion-exchange resin loaded with the dissolved organic carbon from the water; and

[0073] e. disinfecting the water.

[0074] The steps of adding, dispersing, agglomerating and separating the magnetic ion-exchange resin may be accomplished by the methods described above.

[0075] The process of the present invention is readily incorporated into existing water treatment facilities. For example, it may be used in conjunction with membrane filtration to improve the effectiveness of the membranes, increase the flux across membranes and reduce operating costs. For new installations it may either replace membrane filtration, or if membrane filtration is still required, significantly reduce the size and hence capital and operating costs of a membrane filtration plant. In fact, the reduction in capital and operating costs may enable consideration to be given to the installation of membrane filtration rather than coagulation/sedimentation plants, thereby substantially reducing the size of the plant and enabling the production of potable water without the addition of chemicals other than for disinfection purposes.

[0076] Accordingly, in a further aspect the invention provides a process for the treatment of water which includes the following steps:

[0077] a. adding an ion-exchange resin to water containing dissolved organic carbon;

[0078] b. dispersing said resin in the water to enable adsorption of the dissolved organic carbon onto the ion-exchange resin;

[0079] c. separating the ion-exchange resin loaded with the dissolved organic carbon from the water; and

[0080] d. subjecting the water to membrane filtration.

[0081] In an alternative process, steps c. and d. above may be combined so that the membrane effects separation of the resin while simultaneously filtering the water.

[0082] Many water treatment facilities use a coagulation/sedimentation step in their water purification process. For example, in South Australia a six-stage process, which is a typical conventional water treatment process, is used to treat the source water for distribution. The six stages are as follows:

[0083] Coagulation/Flocculation;

[0084] Sedimentation;

[0085] Filtration;

[0086] Disinfection;

[0087] Storage and Distribution; and

[0088] Sludge Dewatering and Disposal.

[0089] The process of the present invention may be incorporated into this water treatment process most effectively prior to coagulant addition. Typically, coagulants such as alum (aluminum sulphate), iron salts and synthetic polymers are used. The removal of DOC by the present process results in a substantial reduction in the quantity of coagulant required. In addition the removal of DOC reduces the requirement for subsequent chemical additions and improves the efficiency and/or rate of coagulation, sedimentation and disinfection. This has a beneficial impact on the water quality produced and the size of most facilities required within the water treatment plant including sludge handling facilities. These impacts are particularly convenient in the retrofitting of the process of the present invention as they enable the present process to be conveniently incorporated without substantial change in the overall size of the water treatment plant. Accordingly, in a further aspect the invention provides a process for the removal of dissolved organic carbon from water, which process includes the following steps:

[0090] a. adding an ion-exchange resin to water containing dissolved organic carbon;

[0091] b. dispersing the resin in the water to enable adsorption of the dissolved organic carbon onto the resin;

[0092] c. separating the resin loaded with the dissolved organic carbon from the water; and

[0093] d. subjecting the water to coagulation/sedimentation.

[0094] Utilizing the process of the present invention to remove a high proportion of the dissolved organic carbon reduces the coagulant dose required and may allow the lower volumes of floc produced to be removed from the water directly by filtration, without the need for prior sedimentation.

[0095] Some water treatment processes employ activated carbon as a final polishing treatment to alleviate problems with taste and/or odor, to remove disinfection by-products, or to remove any other pollutants. The life of the activated carbon is substantially reduced by the presence of DOC in the treated water. Accordingly, a further advantage of our process is that the useful life of activated carbon may be significantly increased. Accordingly, another useful aspect of the present invention includes the further step of subjecting the treated water to activated carbon.

[0096] On greenfield sites the use of the process of the present invention will allow significantly smaller footprint water treatment plants to be designed and constructed. The reduction/elimination of DOC from the water using the process of the present invention may be effected in a relatively small volume basin. This is due to the fast reaction and settling rates of the process. This enables the amount of coagulant used in coagulation/sedimentation processes to be reduced, which consequently reduces the size of the sedimentation facilities and the size and cost of the water treatment plant. Likewise the size and cost of membrane systems in membrane filtration plants may be reduced, which in turn make membrane filtration systems more economically viable when compared with coagulation/sedimentation plants.

[0097] Throughout this specification and the claims which follow, unless the context requires otherwise, the word “comprise”, or variations such as “comprises” or “comprising”, will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or group of integers but not the exclusion of any other integer or group of integers.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURE

[0098]FIG. 1 is a graph of Ultraviolet Absorbance (at 254 nm) versus Reaction Time (in minutes) according to Example 2.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0099] The invention will now be further described with reference to the following non-limiting examples. All percentages used herein are by weight unless otherwise stated. The following test methods were used unless otherwise stated.

[0100] 1. The turbidity was determined (in nephelometric turbidity units) by direct measurement using a nephelometer (Hach Ratio Turbidimeter [Model 18900]).

[0101] 2. The pH was determined by glass electrodes in combination with a reference potential provided by a silver/silver chloride or saturated calomel electrode.

[0102] 3. The color was calculated by comparison of the absorbance of the sample at 456 nm with a calibration curve of Pt—Co standard solutions at the same wavelength. The color was recorded in Hazen units (HU) whereby 1 HU equals 1 ppm of platinum.

[0103] 4. The UV absorbance was determined spectrophotometrically at 254 nm using distilled water as a reference.

[0104] 5. A Skalar SK12 organic carbon analyzer was used to measure DOC levels. The analyzer used a peristaltic pump to continually aspirate samples and mix them with reagents.

[0105] The sample was filtered through Whatman No. 1 filter paper overlain with 0.45 μm membrane. The sample was then acidified with sulphuric acid and sparged with nitrogen. This liberated and dispersed any inorganic or volatile organic carbon. The sample solution was then mixed with a persulphate/tetraborate reagent (34 g sodium tetraborate decahydrate and 12 g potassium persulphate dissolved in 1 liter of water) and passed through a UV digestion coil. This process oxidized the organic carbon to CO₂. The CO₂ was expelled from solution by acidifying and sparging, and then mixed with hydrogen (H₂) and passed over a Ni catalyst at 400° C. This reduced the CO₂ to methane (CH₄) which was measured with a flame ionization detector.

[0106] 6. Total Aluminum and Total Iron were determined by inductively-coupled plasma spectrometry.

[0107] 7. Standard Jar Tests:

[0108] The raw water and resin treated water were subjected to jar tests which enable the evaluation of various coagulants and coagulant aids used in water treatment by simulating a conventional water treatment process, consisting of coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation and filtration. Equal volumes of water (1500 ml) were entered into jars.

[0109] The multiple stirrer operated at the “flash mix” speed, approximately 200 rpm. The test solutions of coagulant were added as quickly as possible and flash-mixed for a minute.

[0110] The speed of the mixer was reduced to the minimum required to maintain the floc uniformly suspended. Slow mixing was continued for a further 14 minutes. Towards the end of the flocculation time, the floc size was recorded.

[0111] After the slow mixing period, the paddles were quickly withdrawn and the settling of the floc particles observed.

[0112] After 15 minutes quiescent settling, approximately 60 ml of each solution was withdrawn from the sampling tap (the first 20 ml was discarded) and the settled water turbidity and pH determined on the remaining volume.

[0113] The remaining supernatant was then carefully gravity filtered through a Whatman No. 1 filter paper. The first 50 ml of filtrate was discarded. The turbidity, color and aluminum residuals of the filtered solution were then recorded.

[0114] 8. Jar Testing Under Direct Filtration Conditions.

[0115] Jar testing was performed under the following direct filtration conditions:

[0116] room temperature (approx. 20° C.).

[0117] alum and water were flash mixed for 1 minute.

[0118] the stirring reduced to 25 rpm for 4 minutes (flocculation time) for floc formation.

[0119] no settling of floc in contrast to Standard Jar Test.

[0120] water clarified by filtration with Whatman No. 1 papers prior to analysis.

[0121] 9. Method for the Determination of Chlorine Demand

[0122] A method for determining the chlorine demand of a water sample, by standard addition of chlorine and direct measurement using DPD/FAS titration.

[0123] Reagents:

[0124] Chlorine demand free water

[0125] Phosphate Buffer Solution (pH 6.5)

[0126] N,N-Diethyl-1-4-phenylene diamine sulphate (DPD) Indicator Solution

[0127] Standard Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate (FAS) Titrant

[0128] Standard Chlorine Solution

[0129] A chlorine solution (approx. 1000 mg/L) of measured concentration is prepared from stock sodium hypochlorite solution (approx. 10% available chlorine after filtering through 0.45 μm membrane).

[0130] Two 100 mL volumetric flasks are filled with sample water and accurately dosed with standard hypochlorite solution to produce doses equivalent to 5, 10, 15 or 20 mg/L. A different dose is employed for each of the flasks, with the two doses adjacent in the series.

[0131] The samples are then left to stand in the dark at 20° C. for the required contact time after which the concentration of residual chlorine is measured by the DPD/FAS titration method.

[0132] The chlorine demand is calculated as being the difference between the amount of chlorine in the original dose and residual chlorine concentration. The results from the titrations are averaged to obtain the demand.

[0133] NOTE: If 50.0 cm³ sample used Residual=2×Titre

[0134] Calculation and Expression of Results

[0135] From the titration, amount of chlorine is read directly from the titre

[0136] FAS titrant: 1 mL FAS=100 μg Cl as Cl₂

[0137] Therefore for 100 mL sample 1.00 mL standard FAS titrant=1.00 mg/L available residual chlorine.

[0138] Results are quoted to one decimal place.

[0139] Example Resin 1

[0140] Magnetic polymer beads were prepared in accordance with the process of the copending application in the name of CSIRO and ICI using the following raw materials:

[0141] 1. Water: this is the continuous medium in which the organic phase is dispersed and then reacted.

[0142] 2. Gosenhol® GH 17: this is a high molecular weight polymeric surfactant, a polyvinyl alcohol, that disperses the organic phase in the water as droplets.

[0143] 3. Teric® N9: this is a low molecular weight surfactant that is added to further reduce the particle size of the dispersed organic phase.

[0144] 4. Cyclohexanol: this is the major porogen: it is a solvent for the monomers, but a non-solvent for the polymer, and it promotes the formation of voids and internal porosity in the resin beads.

[0145] 5. Dodecanol: this is the minor porogen.

[0146] 6. Solsperse® 24000: it is a solid phase dispersing agent and is a block copolymer of poly(hydroxystearic acid) and poly(ethyleneimine).

[0147] 7. Pferrox® 2228HC γ-Fe₂O₃: gamma—iron oxide (maghemite). This is the magnetic oxide that makes the resin beads magnetic.

[0148] 8. DVB-50 (divinyl benzene): this is the monomer that crosslinks the beads.

[0149] 9. GMA (glycidyl methacrylate): this is the monomer that is first polymerised to incorporate it into the beads, then it is quaternized to place quaternary ammonium groups into the beads, thereby creating the ion exchange sites:

[0150] 10. AIBN: this is the catalyst that initiates polymerization when the mixture is heated above 50° C.

[0151] 11. Trimethylamine: this is the amine that reacts with the epoxy group of the glycidyl methacrylate to form quaternary ammonium ion exchange sites.

[0152] 12. Hydrochloric acid: this is used to neutralize the high pH due to the trimethylamine.

[0153] 13. Ethanol: this is used as a rinse and as a wetting agent.

[0154] Method

[0155] Water (6.3 L) was charged to a 20 L reactor and the stirrer and nitrogen purge started. Next Gosenhol® GH-17 (30 g) and Teric® N9 (15 g) were added, and the water phase heated to 80° C. to dissolve the surfactants. While the water was heating cyclohexanol (1755 g) was charged to a separate stirred mix tank and the stirrer turned on. Dodencanol (195 g), SOLSPERSE® 24000 (63 g), Pferrox 2228 HC γ-Fe₂O₃ {936 g), divinylbenzene (410 g), and glycidyl methacrylate (1541 g) were added in turn. This mixture was stirred and sonicated for one hour. Azoisobutyronitrile (8 g) was added and the mixture was stirred for a further five minutes before adding it to the heated water phase. The resulting dispersion was held at 80° C. (±5° C.) for two hours, during which time polymerization occurs and the solid resin beads (4.17 kg) were formed. The nitrogen purge is then stopped and the trimethylamine and the hydrochloric acid are added to aminate the resin. These two materials can either be pre-mixed (with great caution due to the exotherm), or added in such a way as to maintain the pH between 6 and 8. The reaction mixture is then held at 80° C. for three hours. The mixture is then cooled to room temperature, and the beads separated from the excess γ-Fe₂O₃ by repeated cycles of washing, settling and decanting (the beads settle much faster than the free oxide particles). The resin beads are then filtered, redispersed in ethanol, then filtered and washed with additional ethanol, then acetone, and dried with an air stream. The solid particles are evenly dispersed throughout the polymer beads. The maghemite was well dispersed throughout the resin beads produced in this Example.

[0156] Example Resin 2

[0157] Magnetic polymer beads were prepared in accordance with the process of the copending application in the name of CSIRO and ICI using the following raw materials:

[0158] 1. Water: this is the continuous medium in which the organic phase is dispersed and then reacted.

[0159] 2. Gosenhol® GH 20: this is a high molecular weight polymeric surfactant, a polyvinyl alcohol, that disperses the organic phase in the water as droplets.

[0160] 3. Cyclohexanol: this is the major porogen: it is a solvent for the monomers, but a non-solvent for the polymer, and it promotes the formation of voids and internal porosity in the resin beads.

[0161] 4. Toluene: this is the minor porogen.

[0162] 5. Solsperse® 24000: it is a solid phase dispersing agent and is a block copolymer of poly(hydroxystearic acid) and poly(ethyleneimine).

[0163] 6. Pferrox® 2228HC γ-Fe₂O₃: gamma—iron oxide (maghemite). This is the magnetic oxide that makes the resin beads magnetic.

[0164] 7. KRATON® Dl 102: this is a low molecular weight rubber, incorporated into the organic phase to toughen the polymer beads.

[0165] 8. DVB-50 (divinyl benzene): this is the monomer that crosslinks the beads.

[0166] 9. GMA (glycidyl methacrylate): this is the monomer that is first polymerized to incorporate it into the beads, then it is quaternized to place quaternary ammonium groups into the beads, thereby creating the ion exchange sites.

[0167] 10. VASO® 67: this is the catalyst that initiates polymerization when the mixture is heated above 50° C.

[0168] 11. Trimethylamine: this is the amine that reacts with the epoxy group of the glycidyl methacrylate to form quaternary ammonium ion exchange sites.

[0169] 12. Hydrochloric acid: this is used to neutralize the high pH due to the trimethylamine.

[0170] Method

[0171] Water (2333 g) was charged to a 5 L reactor and the stirrer and nitrogen purge started. Next, Gosenhol® GH20 (10 g) was added, and the water phase heated to 80° C. While the water was heating Toluene® (130 g), DVB-50 (130 g) and a first portion of Cyclohexanol (130 g) were charged to a separate mix tank and the stirrer turned on. The Solsperse® 24000 (21.84 g) and the Pferrox® 2228 HC γ-Fe₂O₃ (325 g) were added in turn, then the mixture was stirred and sonicated for 20 minutes to thoroughly disperse the magnetic oxide. Kraton® D 1102 was then added and the mixture stirred for a further hour to dissolve the toughening agent. The remaining Cyclohexanol (390 g) and the VAZO® 67 (2.65 g) were then added and the mixture was stirred for a further five minutes before adding it to the heated water phase. The resulting dispersion was then stirred and held at 80° C. for two hours. The nitrogen purge was stopped and a mixture of trimethylamine (687 g; 25% w/w) and hydrochloric acid (294 g; 36% w/w) added, then the mixture was stirred and held at 80° C. for a further three hours. The mixture was then cooled and the resulting polymer beads cleaned as in Example 1. Again, the solid magnetic oxide is well dispersed throughout the beads, and the beads are qualitatively tougher than those of Example 1. Further, the size distribution of the polymer beads was relatively narrow.

EXAMPLE 1

[0172] Raw water was obtained from the Myponga Reservoir, South Australia. The raw water was pumped into a stirred vessel and was dosed with resin manufactured according to Example Resin 1 at a rate of 2.6 ml of wet resin per liter of raw water. Resin and water were stirred in a flow through system for an average time of 10 minutes before settling for 10 minutes in a plate settler. The water passed up through the plate settler and the clarified water overflowed for collection. The temperature of the water during this process was in the range of from 14 to 16° C.

[0173] In the continuous process resin was recycled maintaining the 2.6 ml of wet resin per liter of raw water dose rate. 90% of the resin was recycled without regeneration. The remaining 10% was sent for regeneration (see Example 2).

[0174] The raw water and resin treated water were subjected to Standard Jar Tests.

[0175] Analyses including DOC, UV absorption and iron were also undertaken. The results of the jar tests on the resin-reated water are set out herein in Table 1 and jar tests on raw water are set out herein in Table 2. TABLE 1 FILTERED ALUM FLOC UNFILTERED Ultraviolet Total Total DOSE SIZE Turbidity Turbidity Color Absorbance DOC Aluminium Iron mg/L mm NTU pH NTU HU (254 nm) mg/L mg/L mg/L Resin 0 2.3 7.9 1.2 62 0.217 4.7 0.068 0.637 Treated 10 0 2.9 7.6 1.1 42 0.165 4.6 0.563 0.355 20 1-2 1.1 7.4 0.2 7 0.073 3.5 0.084 0.026 30 1-2 0.9 7.3 0.12 4 0.064 3.3 0.052 0.016 40 2-3 0.9 7.2 0.13 3 0.061 3.2 0.042 0.016 50 2-3 0.6 7 0.11 3 0.061 3.1 0.035 0.015 60 3-4 0.6 6.9 0.11 2 0.062 3.0 0.024 0.012

[0176] TABLE 2 FILTERED ALUM FLOC UNFILTERED Ultraviolet Total Total DOSE SIZE Turbidity Turbidity Color Absorbance DOC Aluminium Iron mg/L mm NTU pH NTU HU (254 nm) mg/L mg/L mg/L Raw 0 1.4 7.9 0.9 119 0.522 10.5 0.092 0.74 Water 0 2 7.4 1.6 118 0.523 10.6 1.81 0.718 20 0 4.5 7.2 3.5 120 0.505 10.4 2.36 0.645 30 1-2 3.6 7.1 0.8 31 0.252 7.1 0.417 0.097 40 1-2 2.5 7 0.2 13 0.219 5.7 0.083 0.019 50 1-2 2.8 6.9 0.22 10 0.127 5.4 0.077 0.013 60 1-2 2.7 6.7 0.21 10 0.109 4.8 0.068 0.014 70

EXAMPLE 2

[0177] The resin taken for regeneration from the process described in Example 1 was regenerated under laboratory conditions. A sample of 10 ml of loaded resin was added to 400 ml 1 M sodium chloride and mixed at flash mix speed (200 rpm) over 30 minutes at room temperature (20° C.).

[0178] The extent of the resin regeneration was measured by monitoring the increase in the ultraviolet absorbance of the regeneration solution. Ultraviolet absorbance was measured at 254 nm and the results are shown at FIG. 1.

EXAMPLE 3

[0179] River Murray water sampled at Mannum, South Australia was treated with varying resin concentrations under the following laboratory conditions:

[0180] Water temperature during the run was 21° C.

[0181] Resin used was manufactured according to Example Resin 1.

[0182] Contacted resin and water by stirring at 100 rpm for 10 minutes.

[0183] Resin removed by settling for 10 minutes and passing clarified water through a 30 μm screen prior to Jar Testing. Under Direct Filtration Conditions.

[0184] The results of Jar Testing under Direct Filtration Conditions are shown in Table 3. TABLE 3 Resin Bulk Density Alum ml resin/L water Dose Color Turbidity mg/l 1 ml 2 ml 3 ml 1 ml 2 ml 3 ml 0 75 31 25 12 11 12 5 12 12 12 10 21 12 12 10 15 23 5 13 10 0.88 20 32 8 3 11 2.1 0.24

EXAMPLE 4

[0185] Water was sampled from the Millbrook Reservoir, South Australia and was treated with varying resin concentrations under the following laboratory conditions:

[0186] Water temperature during the run was 14.5° C.

[0187] Resin used was manufactured according to Example Resin 2

[0188] Contacted resin and water by stirring at 100 rpm for 10 minutes.

[0189] Resin removed by settling for approximately 20 minutes and clarified water decanted.

[0190] Jar Testing Under Direct Filtration Conditions was performed. The flocculation time however was 9 minutes at 40 rpm.

[0191] The results of Jar Testing Under Direct Filtration Conditions are shown in Table 4. TABLE 4 Chemical Physical & Chemical Properties Additives Unfiltered Filtered UVabs Resin Turbidity Turbidity Color (/cm, DOC THMFP Al Fe Alum (mL/L) (NTU) pH (NTU) (HU) 254 nm) (mg/L) (μg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) 10 0 28.0 6.9 23.00 70.0 0.437 10.2 2.140 1.180 20 0 31.0 6.9 27.00 66.0 0.420 10.2 3.010 1.280 30 0 36.0 6.8 28.00 45.0 0.337 8.8 3.300 1.140 40 0 41.0 7.0 11.00 20.0 0.224 7.0 1.420 0.386 50 0 41.0 6.8 1.53 11.0 0.164 5.8 0.274 0.047 60 0 45.0 6.4 0.68 8.0 0.134 4.8 107 0.147 0.018 70 0 45.0 5.5 0.60 6.0 0.115 4.3 0.198 0.016 0 1 29.0 6.7 22.00 55 0.330 8.3 163 1.640 1.200 10 1 29.0 6.4 24.00 51 0.309 7.9 2.210 1.180 20 1 32.0 6.4 26.00 44 0.278 7.4 2.700 1.110 30 1 37.0 6.8 14.00 14 0.157 5.9 1.660 0.536 40 1 34.0 6.7 1.20 7 0.111 5.0 40 0.207 0.046 50 1 37.0 6.5 0.40 6 0.094 4.4 0.090 0.012 0 2 28.0 7.2 21.00 42 0.234 6.4 55 1.550 1.070 5 2 27.0 7.4 22.00 41 0.220 7.2 1.830 1.050 10 2 29.0 7.4 23.00 36 0.210 6.3 2.180 1.080 20 2 33.0 7.4 22.00 14 0.120 5.5 2.340 0.877 30 2 33.0 7.3 0.94 5 0.072 4.9 55 0.152 0.038 40 2 33.0 7.2 0.52 3 0.05 4.1 0.094 0.012 0 3 28.0 7.3 21.00 37 0.180 5.6 1.570 1.070 5 3 27.0 6.9 21.00 34 0.167 4.7 1.760 1.020 10 3 29.0 7.5 23.00 24 0.141 4.7 2.050 1.020 20 3 31.0 7.4 2.40 7 0.070 3.7 0.384 0.147 30 3 29.0 7.0 0.37 3 0.054 3.2 0.105 0.070 40 3 29.0 7.0 0.25 2 0.046 3.0 0.062 0.017

EXAMPLE 5

[0192] Water sampled at North Pine Dam, Brisbane, Queensland was treated with varying resin concentrations under the following laboratory conditions:

[0193] Water temperature during the run was 19° C.

[0194] Resin used was manufactured according to Example Resin 2.

[0195] Contacted resin and water by stirring at 100 rpm for 10 minutes.

[0196] Resin removed by settling for about 20 minutes and decanting the clarified water prior to Jar Testing under Direct Filtration Conditions.

[0197] The Jar Testing under Direct Filtration Conditions was performed. However, the flocculation time was 9 minutes at 40 rpm. The results of the Jar Testing under Direct Filtration Conditions are shown in Table 5 TABLE 5 Chemical Physical & Chemical Properties Additives Unfiltered Filtered UVabs Resin Turbidity Turbidity Color (/cm, DOC THMFP Al Fe Alum (mL/L) (NTU) pH (NTU) (HU) 254 nm) (mg/L) (μg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) raw 0 1.8 7.6 0.28 20 0.120 4.5 182 <0.005 0.053 5 0 7.5 0.28 16 0.116 4.5 0.331 0.062 10 0 7.4 0.25 15 0.107 4.3 0.414 0.047 15 0 7.4 0.14 10 0.088 3.9 0.192 0.038 20 0 7.6 0.08 8 0.076 3.7 0.108 0.030 25 0 7.2 0.14 8 0.070 3.5 0.074 0.034 30 0 7.1 0.08 7 0.066 3.3 0.063 0.037 40 0 7.0 0.06 5 0.057 3.0 0.039 0.062 50 0 6.9 0.06 7 0.054 2.8 84 0.030 0.025 0 0.5 1.0 7.5 0.31 13 0.092 3.7 118 0.009 0.030 5 0.5 7.4 0.29 12 0.090 3.7 0.329 0.025 10 0.5 7.4 0.12 8 0.074 3.3 0.180 0.028 14 0.5 7.3 0.13 10 0.068 3.1 0.122 0.029 20 0.5 7.2 0.09 5 0.061 3.0 0.074 0.019 25 0.5 7.2 0.08 6 0.052 2.8 0.060 0.086 30 0.5 7.1 0.05 6 0.049 2.8 0.047 0.046 0 1 1.1 7.5 0.27 11 0.071 3.2 105 <.005 0.023 5 1 7.4 0.26 11 0.067 3.2 0.303 0.017 10 1 7.4 0.08 6 0.052 2.7 0.142 0.012 15 1 7.3 0.10 6 0.046 2.5 0.096 0.014 20 1 7.2 0.07 5 0.043 2.5 0.075 0.021 25 1 7.2 0.07 4 0.040 2.2 0.057 0.018 30 1 7.1 0.06 4 0.038 2.2 0.050 0.024 0 2 1.0 7.4 0.32 8 0.045 2.4 72 <.005 0.014 5 2 7.4 0.16 7 0.039 2.3 0.202 0.022 10 2 7.3 0.06 7 0.032 2.1 0.113 0.013 15 2 7.2 0.07 4 0.029 2.0 0.071 0.042 20 2 7.1 0.04 4 0.027 2.0 0.052 0.017 25 2 7.1 0.05 3 0.027 1.9 0.046 0.016 30 2 7.0 0.05 4 0.026 1.7 0.034 0.014 0 3 0.9 7.4 0.25 7 0.030 1.8 59 <.005 0.018 5 3 7.3 0.07 4 0.024 1.5 0.151 0.020 10 3 7.2 0.04 3 0.020 1.4 0.093 0.009 15 3 7.1 0.05 3 0.020 1.3 0.062 0.011 20 3 7.0 0.04 5 0.020 1.3 0.055 0.005 25 3 6.9 0.04 3 0.019 1.5 0.038 0.008 30 3 6.8 0.04 3 0.019 1.3 0.030 0.005

EXAMPLE 6

[0198] Water sampled at Lexton Reservoir, Victoria was treated with varying resin concentrations under the following laboratory conditions:

[0199] Water temperature during the run was 19° C.

[0200] Resin used was manufactured according to Example Resin 2.

[0201] Contacted resin and water by stirring at 100 rpm for 10 minutes.

[0202] Resin removed by settling for about 20 minutes and decanting the clarified water prior to Jar Testing under Direct Filtration Conditions.

[0203] The Jar Testing under Direct Filtration Conditions was performed. However, the flocculation time was 9 minutes at 40 rpm. The results of the Jar Testing under Direct Filtration Conditions are shown in Table 6. TABLE 6 Chemical Physical & Chemical Properties Additives Unfiltered Filtered UVabs Resin Turbidity Turbidity Color (/cm, DOC THMFP Al Fe Alum (mL/L) (NTU) pH (NTU) (HU) 254 nm) (mg/L) (μg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) raw 0 20.0 8.0 9.20 159 0.593 11.4 243 0.812 0.652 10 0 8.0 9.50 154 0.580 11.1 1.390 0.661 20 0 7.9 10.40 156 0.580 10.7 2.000 0.632 30 0 7.8 10.50 162 0.582 10.5 2.380 0.541 40 0 7.8 9.20 140 0.518 9.8 2.300 0.427 45 0 7.7 6.10 99 0.416 8.9 1.550 0.281 50 0 7.7 2.00 50 0.314 8.1 0.677 0.111 60 0 7.7 0.50 49 0.248 7.1 0.257 0.033 0 0.5 12.7 7.6 8.60 119 0.457 9.3 154 0.655 0.540 20 0.5 7.6 9.30 140 0.446 8.8 1.520 0.420 30 0.5 7.5 7.30 114 0.386 8.2 1.390 0.275 40 0.5 7.5 0.86 31 0.220 6.6 0.384 0.051 45 0.5 7.5 0.45 24 0.195 6.1 0.270 0.031 50 0.5 7.4 0.29 20 0.177 5.9 0.202 0.027  0 1 14.0 7.6 9.00 121 0.412 8.5 143 0.674 0.548 20 1 7.6 9.00 129 0.405 8.2 1.400 0.392 30 1 7.6 6.90 98 0.335 7.3 1.390 0.261 35 1 7.6 1.68 39 0.219 6.2 0.488 0.077 40 1 7.7 0.61 25 0.181 5.8 0.259 0.037 45 1 7.7 0.54 21 0.164 5.6 0.203 0.027 0 2 13.1 7.6 6.40 87 0.301 6.6 189 0.655 0.496 10 2 7.8 6.60 87 0.298 6.4 1.230 0.491 20 2 7.7 5.80 77 0.270 6.2 1.560 0.422 30 2 7.7 0.64 19 1.137 4.6 0.367 0.077 40 2 7.6 0.20 10.6 0.107 4.2 0.170 0.026 50 2 7.6 0.33 10.8 0.093 3.8 0.109 0.017 0 3 12.5 7.3 6.10 73 0.230 5.3 77 0.744 0.589 10 3 7.6 6.40 70 0.224 5.0 1.290 0.522 20 3 7.6 1.74 25 0.125 4.3 0.651 0.158 30 3 7.6 0.25 9 0.079 3.9 0.193 0.043 40 3 7.4 0.19 7 0.068 3.7 0.127 0.029 50 3 7.4 0.14 6 0.061 3.4 0.112 0.022 0 4 11.1 7.5 6.30 66.00 0.188 4.4 55 0.708 0.546

EXAMPLE 7

[0204] Water sample at of Wanneroo Ground Water, Western Australia was treated with varying resin concentrations under the following laboratory conditions:

[0205] Water temperature during the run was 19° C.

[0206] Resin used was manufactured according to Example Resin 2.

[0207] Contacted resin and water by stirring at 100 rpm for 10 minutes.

[0208] Resin removed by settling for about 20 minutes and decanting the clarified water prior to Jar Testing under Direct Filtration Conditions.

[0209] The Jar Testing under Direct Filtration Conditions was performed. However, the flocculation time was 9 minutes at 40 rpm. The results of the Jar Testing under Direct Filtration Conditions are shown in Table 7. TABLE 7 Chemical Physical & Chemical Properties Additives Unfiltered Filtered UVabs Resin Turbidity Turbidity Color (/cm, DOC THMFP Al Fe Alum (mL/L) (NTU) pH (NTU) (HU) 254 nm) (mg/L) (μg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) raw 0 33.0 7.5 10.70 184 0.481 7.0 395 0.288 1.145 10 0 7.5 11.30 190 0.468 7.0 0.867 1.210 20 0 7.3 10.40 202 0.463 6.8 0.564 1.210 30 0 7.3 9.00 156 0.379 6.0 1.69 0.831 40 0 7.2 2.10 41 0.150 3.8 0.185 0.167 50 0 7.1 1.60 27 0.116 3.4 0.122 0.116 60 0 7.1 1.54 26 0.103 2.9 0.133 0.105 70 0 7.0 0.98 18 0.082 2.7 130 0.117 0.077  0 0.5 31.0 7.5 10.00 182 0.408 6.0 373 0.322 1.215 10 0.5 7.5 9.80 175 0.398 6.3 0.917 1.180 20 0.5 7.4 9.60 172 0.396 5.2 1.480 0.183 30 0.5 7.3 2.10 40 0.147 3.6 0.199 0.154 40 0.5 7.3 1.80 31 0.110 3.0 0.110 0.121 50 0.5 7.2 1.70 28 0.095 2.6 144 0.124 0.121 0 1 28.0 7.1 11.30 183 0.352 4.9 294 0.282 1.185 10 1 7.0 8.90 159 0.337 4.9 0.882 1.080 20 1 7.0 9.00 154 0.286 3.7 1.341 0.917 30 1 6.8 0.68 17 0.088 2.7 0.117 0.059 40 1 6.8 0.68 15 0.072 2.4 0.086 0.052 50 1 6.8 1.21 19 0.070 2.2 114 0.100 0.084 0 2 26.0 7.5 12.00 177 0.296 3.7 272 0.316 1.160 10 2 7.5 9.60 157 0.281 3.6 0.814 0.964 20 2 7.4 0.80 18 0.081 2.2 0.180 0.116 30 2 7.3 0.76 13 0.057 1.8 98 0.086 0.050 40 2 7.2 0.46 10 0.046 1.6 0.065 0.037 50 2 7.0 0.33 6 0.039 1.6 0.045 0.020 0 3 25.0 7.2 11.50 161 0.245 3.0 183 0.274 1.070 10 3 7.3 9.40 148 0.232 2.7 0.407 0.973 20 3 7.4 0.33 9 0.048 1.7 87 0.109 0.044 30 3 7.4 0.22 6 0.035 1.5 0.060 0.024 40 3 7.3 0.30 6 0.030 1.5 0.043 0.023 0 4 27.0 7.7 11.80 157 0.210 2.4 169 0.263 0.950 5 4 7.7 10.80 148 0.204 2.4 0.581 0.919 10 4 7.6 9.10 128 0.193 2.0 0.646 0.584 15 4 7.6 0.28 7 0.043 1.4 73 0.119 0.039 20 4 7.5 0.28 6 0.033 1.3 0.081 0.031 30 4 7.4 0.24 4 0.025 1.1 0.047 0.015 0 5 26.0 7.6 12.20 157 0.184 1.8 152 0.268 0.925 5 5 7.6 10.30 136 0.172 1.8 0.567 0.835 10 5 7.6 3.60 51 0.081 1.3 0.261 0.278 15 5 7.5 0.21 5 0.027 1.1 51 0.104 0.029 20 5 7.4 0.20 3 0.023 1.0 0.069 0.020 30 5 7.4 0.32 3 0.019 1.0 0.040 0.023

EXAMPLE 8

[0210] Water sampled at Happy Valley Reservoir, South Australia was treated with varying resin concentrations under the following laboratory conditions:

[0211] Water temperature during the run was 18° C.

[0212] Resin used was manufactured according to Example Resin 1.

[0213] Contacted resin and water by stirring at 100 rpm for 10 minutes.

[0214] Resin removed by settling for approximately 20 minutes and decanting clarified water prior to Standard Jar Testing.

[0215] The Standard Jar Testing was performed except that the coagulant used was ferric chloride at varying dosages. The results of the Standard Jar Testing are shown in Table 8. TABLE 8 Ferric Filtered Chloride Floc Unfiltered UV Total Total Dos Size Turbidity Turbidity Color Absorbance THMFP DOC Aluminum Iron mg/L mm NTU pH NTU HU (254 nm) μg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L Raw Water 0 5.7 7.2 3.70 57 0.289 159 7.2 0.328 0.298 5 <1 5.9 7.0 3.80 74 0.370 159 7.6 0.302 1.590 10 1 6.3 6.8 4.10 88 0.429 274 6.8 0.303 2.790 15 1 7.4 6.7 4.90 77 0.390 132 7.2 0.283 3.930 20 1 9.1 6.5 4.40 36 0.222 141 6.0 0.185 3.360 25 1 10.7 6.4 0.78 14 0.134 87 5.4 0.087 0.572 30 2 to 3 9.0 6.2 0.48 10 0.108 58 4.9 0.027 0.267 35 3 to 4 3.8 6.0 0.35 6 0.084 47 4.8 0.044 0.211 40 3 to 4 2.5 6.2 0.23 4 0.076 57 4.5 0.020 0.139 45 3 to 4 1.7 6.3 0.22 3 0.066 21 4.6 0.034 0.133 Resin Treated Water (1 mL/L) 0 2.70 6.9 2.20 35 0.182 211 4.8 0.264 0.282 5 3.20 7.5 2.40 52 0.261 237 4.7 0.275 1.650 10 4.20 7.4 3.30 14 0.119 195 4.6 0.243 2.650 15 <1 5.70 7.3 0.76 7 0.089 128 3.9 0.107 0.570 20 1 to 2 2.50 7.2 0.41 5 0.078 118 3.5 0.037 0.235 25 2 to 3 1.54 7.2 0.32 4 0.068 124 3.3 0.033 0.156 30 2 to 3 0.65 7.2 0.23 2 0.054 77 3.0 NA 0.116 Resin Treated Water (3 mL/L) 0 6.60 7.3 3.30 13 0.069 52 3.8 0.284 0.238 5 2 4.90 7.7 0.25 <1 0.040 55 3.1 0.079 0.077 10 3 to 4 1.00 7.6 0.11 <1 0.033 14 2.5 0.031 0.023 15 3 to 4 0.60 7.5 0.10 <1 0.032 16 1.8 0.022 0.027 20 3 to 4 0.38 7.3 0.09 <1 0.031 12 1.9 0.018 0.032 25 3 to 4 0.34 7.2 0.09 <1 0.030 24 1.9 0.018 0.044 30 3 to 4 0.32 7.0 0.10 <1 0.028 9 1.9 0.019 0.054

EXAMPLE 9

[0216] Water sampled at Myponga Reservoir, South Australia was treated with resin and the loaded resin contained approximately 6 milligrams DOC per ml of wet resin. The loaded resin was then subjected to a number of regeneration methods employing brine solutions having varying concentrations of sodium chloride. The resin used was manufactured according to Example Resin 1.

[0217] In the first method the loaded resin (50 ml) was dispersed in a sodium chloride solution at varying molar concentrations (100 ml). In the second method a 200 ml column was packed with loaded resin (50 ml) and the sodium chloride solutions (100 ml) were placed on top of the packed resin and the resin and sodium chloride solution were mixed thoroughly by sparging nitrogen through the column. In the third method a 200 ml column was packed with loaded resin (50 ml) and the sodium chloride solutions (100 ml) were placed on top of the packed resin. The sodium chloride solutions were allowed to pass through the packed resin.

[0218] The resultant sodium chloride solutions were measured for UV absorbance and DOC. The results are shown in Tables 9 and 10 and the higher organic content of the regenerant solution demonstrates the particular effectiveness of employing a packed column to regenerate the resin. TABLE 9 Optimizing Regeneration with Columns Ultraviolet Absorbance Sodium Chloride Sodium Chloride Regeneration Method 1.0 Molar 1.5 Molar Stirred 24 hours 15.40 19.80 Column (mixed by aeration) 15.60 23.80 Column (no mixing) 24.10 29.80

[0219] TABLE 10 Method* UV Absorbance DOC mg Column 21.4 50 (mixed by aeration) Column 29.9 65 (no mixing)

EXAMPLE 10

[0220] Water sampled from the Myponga Reservoir, South Australia was treated with varying resin concentrations under the following laboratory conditions:

[0221] Water temperature during run was about 20° C.

[0222] Resin used was manufactured according to Example Resin 1.

[0223] Contacted resin and water by stirring at 100 rpm for 10 minutes.

[0224] Resin removed by settling for approximately 20 minutes and decanting clarified water. The clarified water was measured for UV absorbance and DOC. Chlorine demand tests and THMFP tests were subsequently conducted on the clarified water. The results are shown in Table 11.

EXAMPLE 11

[0225] River Murray water sampled at Mamnun, South Australia was treated with varying resin concentrations under the following laboratory conditions:

[0226] Water temperature during run was about 20° C.

[0227] Resin used was manufactured according to Example Resin 1.

[0228] Contacted resin and water by stirring at 100 rpm for 10 minutes.

[0229] Resin removed by settling for approximately 20 minutes and decanting clarified water. The clarified water was measured for UV absorbance and DOC. Chlorine demand tests and THMFP tests were subsequently conducted on the clarified water. The results are shown in Table 12. TABLE 11 Ultraviolet Chlorine Resin Dose Absorbance DOC Demand THMFP mL/L 254 nm mg/L mg/L μg/L 0 0.320 8.1 4.1 397 1 0.181 5.1 2.6 207 2 0.125 3.9 1.7 156 3 0.084 3.0 1.0 117

[0230] TABLE 12 Ultraviolet Chlorine Resin Dose Absorbance DOC Demand THMFP mL/L 254 nm mg/L mg/L μg/L 0 0.103 4.4 3.0 212 1 0.057 3.1 2.0 135 2 0.041 2.7 1.5 102 3 0.028 2.3 1.5 80

EXAMPLE 12

[0231] Treated effluent from the Handorf Sewage Treatment Works was treated with varying resin concentrations under the following laboratory conditions:

[0232] Water temperature during run was approximately 20° C.

[0233] Resin used was manufactured according to Example Resin 2.

[0234] Contacted resin and water by stirring at 100 rpm for 10 minutes.

[0235] Resin removed by settling for approximately 20 minutes and decanting clarified water.

[0236] The clarified water was then measured for UV absorbance and DOC. The results are shown in Table 13. TABLE 13 Ultraviolet Absorbance DOC Resin Dose mL/L 254 nm mg/L 0 0.164 1 0.131 2 0.109 3 0.092

EXAMPLE 13

[0237] Water sampled at Happy Valley, South Australia was subjected to membrane filtration in combination with resin treatment.

[0238] The membrane filtration unit was operated at 100 kpa at a flow rate of 5 liters per hour. The temperature of the water was about 20° C.

[0239] The effectiveness of the membrane filtration was measured on raw water and on water treated with resin under the following laboratory conditions:

[0240] Water temperature during run was about 20° C.

[0241] Resin used was manufactured according to Example 4.

[0242] Contacted 4 mL/L of wet resin and water by stirring at 100 rpm for 10 minutes.

[0243] Resin removed by settling for about 20 minutes and decanting clarified water.

[0244] The results of measurements of pH, turbidity, color, UV absorption and DOC are shown in Table 14. It can be seen that the combination of resin treatment prior to membrane filtration results in acceptable water quality without the need for additional chemicals such as coagulating agents and the like. TABLE 14 Raw Water Resin Treated Before After Before After Analysis Membrane Membrane Membrane Membrane pH 7.8 8.2 7.8 8 Turbidity (NTU) 5.20 0.37 5.20 0.32 Color (HU) 60 32 12 5 UVabs 0.276 0.197 0.067 0.048 DOC (mg/L)

EXAMPLE 14

[0245] Some waters are prechlorinated prior to the water treatment process. Water sampled at Myponga Reservoir, South Australia was prechlorinated with varying doses of chlorine under the following laboratory conditions:

[0246] Water treatment during the run was about 20° C.

[0247] The prechlorination occurred over 16 hours in the dark

[0248] The prechlorinated water was treated with 1 milliliter of wet resin per 2 liters of prechlorinated water under the following laboratory conditions:

[0249] Water temperature during the run was about 20° C.

[0250] Resin used was manufactured according to Example Resin 1.

[0251] Contacted resin and water by stirring at 100 rpm for 30 minutes.

[0252] Resin removed by settling for about 20 minutes and decanting clarified water.

[0253] The clarified water was measured for color, UV absorption and DOC and the results are shown in Table 15. These results show that the process is also effective for removing chlorinated DOC from solution. TABLE 15 Prechlorination Color DOC Dose mg/L HU UVabs mg/L 0 mg/L 49 0.321 7.7 3 mg/L 39 0.274 8.0 6 mg/L 32 0.246 8.0 9 mg/L 29 0.229 7.8 0 mg/L + resin 27 0.158 4.8 3 mg/L + resin 18 0.136 5.0 6 mg/L + resin 13 0.119 4.9 9 mg/L + resin 17 0.115 4.8

[0254] It will be appreciated that the invention described herein is susceptible to variations and modifications other than those specifically described. It is to be understood that the invention encompasses all such variations and modifications that fall within the spirit and scope. For example, the present process may be employed for the removal of contaminants other than DOC from water. It may be necessary to select an ion-exchange resin with anionic functional groups. 

We claim:
 1. A process for the removal of dissolved organic carbon from water, which process includes the following steps: a) dispersing a magnetic ion-exchange resin in water containing dissolved organic carbon to enable adsorption of the organic carbon from the water onto the resin: and b) separating the magnetic ion-exchange resin loaded with organic carbon from the water.
 2. A process according to claim 1 wherein the magnetic ion exchange resin is dispersed by adding the magnetic ion-exchange resin to the water while imparting sufficient shear on the water to disperse the resin in the water.
 3. A process according to claim 1 wherein the magnetic ion exchange resin loaded with organic carbon is separated from the water by i) agglomerating the magnetic ion-exchange resin loaded with the organic carbon; and ii) separating the agglomerated magnetic ion-exchange resin loaded with organic carbon from the water.
 4. A progress according to claim 3 wherein the resin is dispersed by mechanical agitation, mixing pumps immersed in the water or air agitation.
 5. A process according to claim 3 wherein the loaded resin is separated from the water by settling, screening or a combination thereof.
 6. A process according to claim 3 wherein the loaded resin is separated from the water by settling and wherein the ion exchange resin is more dense than the water.
 7. A process according to claim 6 wherein the settled resin is collected by vacuum collection.
 8. A process according to claim 6 wherein the settled resin is collected by magnetic transport.
 9. A process according to claim 6 wherein the settling is facilitated by tilted plates or tubular modules.
 10. A process according to claim 1 which is a process for the removal of contaminants from solution wherein the ion-exchange resin is dispersed in the contaminated water.
 11. A process according to claim 1 wherein said process further comprises a step of disinfecting the water.
 12. A process for the production of potable water suitable for distribution and consumption from a raw water source which comprises the steps of claim
 1. 13. A process for the treatment of waste water which comprises the steps of claim
 1. 14. A process according to claim 1 for the removal of dissolved organic carbon from water, which process includes the following steps: a) adding a magnetic ion-exchange resin to water containing dissolved organic carbon, while imparting sufficient shear on the water to disperse the resin in the water, thereby enabling adsorption of the dissolved organic carbon onto the magnetic ion-exchange resin; b) agglomerating the magnetic ion-exchange resin loaded with the organic carbon; c) separating the agglomerated magnetic ion-exchange resin loaded with organic carbon from the water; d) regenerating a portion of said agglomerated resin, with the remainder being returned to step a), thereby allowing continuous treatment of the water; and e) returning regenerated agglomerated resin to step a).
 15. A progress according to claim 14 wherein the resin is dispersed by mechanical agitation, mixing pumps immersed in the water or air agitation.
 16. A process according to claim 14 wherein the loaded resin is separated from the water by settling, screening or a combination thereof.
 17. A process according to claim 16 wherein the loaded resin is separated from the water by settling and wherein the ion exchange resin is more dense than the water.
 18. A process according to claim 17 wherein the settled resin is collected by vacuum collection.
 19. A process according to claim 17 wherein the settled resin is collected by magnetic transport.
 20. A process according to claim 17 wherein the settled resin is collected by filtration.
 21. A process according to claim 17 wherein the settling is facilitated by tilted plates or tubular modules.
 22. A process according to claim 17 wherein gravity settling is employed.
 23. A process according to claim 14 wherein the ion-exchange resin has cationic functional groups.
 24. A process according to claim 14 wherein the ion-exchange resin is particulate and the particles have a diameter less than 100 μm.
 25. A process according to claim 24 wherein the ion-exchange resin particles have a diameter in the range of from 25 μm to 75 μm.
 26. A process according to claim 14 wherein the ion-exchange resin is macroporous.
 27. A process according to claim 14 wherein the ion-exchange resin is manufactured from cross-linked polystyrene based polymers.
 28. A process according to claim 14 wherein the ion-exchange resin is present in the water in the range of from 0.5 to 5 ml of wet resin per litre of water.
 29. A process according to claim 11 wherein the resin regeneration process includes the following steps: i) packing the spent resin into a column; and ii) passing brine through the packed column for desorption of the dissolved organic carbon from the resin.
 30. A process according to claim 14 which comprises a process for the removal of contaminants from solution wherein the ion-exchange resin is dispersed in the contaminated water.
 31. A process according to claim 14 wherein said process further comprises a step of disinfecting the water.
 32. A process according to claim 31 wherein the water is disinfected after treatment with ion exchange resin.
 33. A process according to claim 32 wherein the water is disinfected with chlorine.
 34. A process according to claim 14 wherein said process is a pre-treatment prior to subjecting the pretreated water to membrane filtration.
 35. A process according to claim 14 wherein said process is a pretreatment prior to subjecting the pretreated water to a coagulation/sedimentation process.
 36. A process according to claim 14 wherein the process further comprises a step of treating the water with activated carbon after treatment with ion-exchange resin.
 37. A process according to claim 11 wherein the resin regeneration process includes the following steps: i) adding the magnetic ion-exchange resin loaded with organic carbon to brine; ii) dispersing the loaded magnetic ion-exchange resin in the brine for the desorption of the organic carbon from the magnetic ion-exchange resin to regenerate the resin; iii) agglomerating the regenerated magnetic ion-exchange resin; and iv) separating the regenerated magnetic ion-exchange resin from the brine.
 38. A process for the production of potable water suitable for distribution and consumption from a raw water source which comprises the steps of claim
 1. 39. A process for the treatment of waste water which comprises the steps of claim
 1. 40. A water treatment process which comprises the steps of: a) removing dissolved carbon from the water by the process of claim 14; b) subjecting the water from which dissolved carbon has been removed to a coagulation or sedimentation process.
 41. A water treatment process which comprises the steps of: a) removing dissolved carbon from the water by the process of claim 14; b) subjecting the water from which dissolved carbon has been removed to a membrane filtration process. 